Model+and+Theories

** Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive with reference to research studies **

** Schema Theory (humans are active processors of information) **

 * Schema Theory is known for being a cognitive theory about information processing.**


 * - This theory, is a mental representation (networks) of knowledge that people create over time, through seeing other people doing something or past experiences**
 * - Schema theory suggests that the brain already knows the end result of information processing.**

** Schema Theory and memory processes **

 * Memory processes can be divided into three main stages:**

(Saul,2007)


 * Encoding: This stage, transforms information into meaningful memory**
 * Storage: Maintains into memory. what this means is that this stage creates a biological trace of the information inputed into the memory**
 * Retrieval: Using the memory that was stored**

The War of Ghosts (Frederic Bartlett, 1932)

 * ** Aim: **
 * **This study wanted to prove that our brains can reconstruct memory**
 * ** Method: **
 * **Experiment**
 * ** Procedure: **
 * **Three different groups: Europeans, Americans and Native Americans**
 * **Researchers asked participants to read a native american folk story**
 * **After reading the story, 15 minutes later, the participants were asked to recite the story**
 * ** Results: **
 * **European and American participants, their version of the story left out details or they replaced details with memories which they had in their own cultural schema**
 * **Native American remembered the story better, and were able to recite it better**
 * ** Conclusion: **
 * **The results showed that more complex information are likely to be forgotten**
 * **Humans try to fin patterns, which are familiar**
 * **Reconstruct the past by fitting it into different schemas**
 * ** Evaluation: **
 * **There was no independent, dependent or control variables**
 * **Cannot be** **generalized as it is specific to European, American and Native American culture**

Strengths and Weaknesses of Schema Theory

 * Strengths:**
 * **This theory exposes memory distortion**
 * **understanding how people organize information**


 * Weaknesses:**
 * **Very vague**
 * **Does not show the process that memory is reconstructive, only states it**

** The Working Memory Model, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) **
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 * This model, was based on Mullti-store model. The working memory model is a model of short term memory and includes; The central executive, the episodic buffer, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad.**

** The Working Memory Model, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) **

 * ** Aim: **
 * ** If participants can use different parts of the working memory model at the same time **
 * ** Method: **
 * ** Lab Experiment **
 * ** Procedure: **
 * ** Participants were to perform two tasks **
 * ** One: digit span task, repeat a list of numbers **
 * ** Two: verbal reasoning task, required to answer true or false **
 * ** Results: **
 * ** As the number of digits increased, participants took longer to answer **
 * ** Did not make errors in the verbal reasoning as the digits increased **
 * ** Conclusion: **
 * ** Central Executive: The verbal reasoning task **
 * ** Phonological loop: Made us of the digit span task **

**Bibliography:**
Saul, Mcleod. "Stages of Memory - Encoding Storage and Retrieval." // Simply Psychology //. Simply Psychology, n.d. Web. 27 Sept 2013. .