Paper+2+Mark+Scheme

ABNORMAL //**1. Discuss cultural variations in the prevalence of one affective OR one eating disorder**//**.** Discuss: Offer considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses related to cultural variations in the prevalence of the chosen disorder. Conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence. Prevalence: percentage of individuals within a population who are affected by a specific disorder at a given time.

Discussion of cultural variations may include:
 * Reference to evidence referring to different rates of disorders in different cultures or subcultures
 * Reference to an increase in diagnoses related to differences in cultural standards (Ie: eating disorders in women).
 * Addressing cultural factors that seem to increase the reisk of developing affective or eating disorders
 * Reference to evidence that with increasing Westernization, rates of depression and eating disorders tend to increase.
 * Addressing changes in diagnostic screening which help mental health professions become more culturally aware in their diagnoses.
 * Arguing that eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia are culture-bound disorders, restricted to the Western world and are encouraged by conceptions of beauty and attractiveness that tell femails to be thin and males to be athletic.
 * arguing that although there is a clear link between cultural factors and the prevalence of affective or eating disorders, it is still difficult to explain why only some people are affected by these influences in a way that brings them to the attention of clinical staff. It is likely that an understanding of the interaction between biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors is necessary to fully comprehend why and how these disorders develop.

Research studies discussing the prevalence of one affective or eating disorder which could include: You may discuss a smaller numb er of variations to demonstrate depth of knowledge or larger number of cultural variations in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge.
 * Okulate et al. (2004)--research suggesting that core symptoms of depression are **shared** in different cultures
 * Jaeger et al. (2002)--study on body dissatisfaction suggesting significant differences between cultures.
 * Dutton (2009)--study suggesting that cultural variations in prevalence of major depression could be due to cultural differences in stress, standard of living and reporting bias.
 * Makino et al. (2004)--review of published medical articles--prevalence appears to be increasing in non-Western countries but is still lower than in Western countries.

If more than one disorder is discussed, credit will only be given to the first disorder.

//**2. Outline symptoms of __one__ anxiety, affective or eating disorder.**// //**To what extent do cognitive factors influence the etiology of the disorder that you** outlined?// Outline: give a clear account of symptoms for one psychological disorder To what extent: requires a sound argument concerning the importance of cognitive factors in the development of the disorder. It should be presented clearly and must be supported with appropriate psychological research.

Responses may refer to factors in the etiology such as:
 * cognitive distortions
 * irrational beliefs
 * cognitive styles.

The extent to which cognitive factors are involved may be addressed by referring to:
 * research findings that tend to suggest an analysis of cognitive factors helps clinicians understand the etiology, symptoms and personality of individuals with certain disorders.
 * criticisms that claim that cognitive explanations fail to provide any explanation of why these distortions arise and why some people use them while others do not.
 * claims that it is difficult to establish cause and effect
 * that onset and development of the disorder is a result of complex interactions between biological, cognitive and / or sociocultural factors. For example: responses may claim that females are more likely to suffer from some eating disorders than males, suggesting that hormonal fluctuations relate to the greater vulnerability of women. Further elaboration may argue that the reasons for this disorder are rooted more in social causes than cognitive ones.

You may address a small number of cognitive factors--well, to demonstrate depth of knowledge, or may address a larger number of cognitive factors in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge.

If more than one disorder is discussed, credit will only be given to the first disorder.

If no reference is made to the extent to which factors OTHER THAN cognitive (Ie: biological and social) influence the etiology, may be awarded a maximum of 6 marks for criterion B and a maximum of 3 marks for criterion C.

Evaluate requires a detailed appraisal by weighing strengths against limitations of the use of biomedical approaches. Although BOTH must be discussed, they do not have to be balanced. Various biomedical approaches to treatment include: The approach chosen must relate specifically to the ONE disorder.
 * //3. Evaluate the use of one or more biomedical approaches to the treatment of __one__// //disorder//.**
 * drug therapy
 * ECT
 * acupuncture
 * herbal medicine
 * dietary changes
 * exercise

Evaluative remarks could include:
 * the issue of reductionism
 * side effects of some treatments
 * ethical, gender or cultural issues
 * argument that biomedical approaches to treatment are effective in reducing symptoms but generally do not constitute a complete and final cure.
 * methodological issues present in studies investigating the effectiveness of the treatment (researcher bias, comparability of samples, placebo effect, how we judge whether a treatment is successful.

You may evaluate a single biomedical approach in order to demonstrate depth of knowledge or may evaluate more than one biomedical approach in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge.

If more than disorder is discussed, credit will only be given to the first disorder.

If only strengths or limitations are discussed, a maximum of 5 marks may be awarded for critical thinking and a maximum of 2 marks may be awarded for organization.

HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS //**1. Evaluate one or more research studies and / or theories related to cross-cultural differences in prosocial** **behavior**// Evaluate: requires an appraisal of strengths and limitations of research related to cross-cultural differences in prosocial behavior. Although strengths and weakness must be discussed, they do not have to be balanced evenly.

Studies may include:
 * Whiting´s research on the role of extended family
 * Bond & Leung´s (1988) research on in-group bias
 * Levine´s (1990´s -- 2000´s) many studies on cultural differences in prosocial behavior

You may evaluate one or a small number of theories or studies to demonstrate depth of knowledge or a large number of studies / theories to demonstrate breadth of knowledge

If only strengths or limitations are discussed a maximum of 5 marks may be awarded for critical thinking and a maximum of 2 marks for organization.

Discuss: offer a considered and balanced review of how two or more cognitive factors influence human relationships.
 * //2. Discuss how __two__ or more cognitive factors influence human// //relationships//.**

You may discuss; All aspects of human relationships may be addressed, for example
 * social exchange theory of relationships
 * Batson et al.´s (1981) empathy-altruism model of helping behavior
 * Kiesler and Baral´s (1970) study of attraction
 * Baumeister 6 Bushman (1998) on aggression
 * social responsibility
 * interpersonal relationships
 * violence

You may discuss a smaller number of cognitive factors in order to establish depth of knowledge or a larger number of cognitive factors in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge

if only one cognitive factor is discussed, apply markbands up to a maximum of 11 marks.

Discuss: requires a considered & balanced review of research (theories and / or studies) including a range of arguments as to why relationships may change or end. Conclusions must be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence. The major focus of the response must be on the discussion of the research, rather than a descriptive overview of the factors that may influence relationships to change or end.
 * //3. Discuss research (theories and / or studies) related to why relationships may change or end.//**

Theories may include:
 * social exchange theory
 * equity theory
 * patterns of accommodation
 * attachment styles

Studies may include:
 * Flora & Segrin (2003) the role of perception of the relationship
 * Duck et al. (1988) the role of age differences in couples
 * Duck 81992) the role of socioeconomic differences in couples

Responses may focus on theories or studies alone, but may also combine theories and studies. Each of these approaches are acceptable.

Credit will be given to any discussion of both topics listed in the question. You may discuss one topic in order to demonstrate depth of knowledge or both in order to demonstrate breadth of knowledge

Marks will be awarded based on the quality of the discussion presented.